Actinic cheilitis in rural workers: prevalence and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of actinic cheilitis in rural workers and factors associated with the development of this condition. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a city in Northeastern Brazil. Data were collected by clinical examination and use of a questionnaire validated with 300 rural workers. The χ2 test was employed to identify possible associations between the presence of actinic cheilitis and clinical and demographic variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using forward stepwise selection. A p value of 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of actinic cheilitis was 12.0% in the sample. The highest prevalence of actinic cheilitis was observed in white males, with low educational level, and an approximately 40-year history of sun exposure. Chronic lesions were commonly found in the lower lip and were characterized by scaling, dryness, and mild edema. Skin color, sex, educational level of patients, and cumulative sun exposure (in years), were identified as predictors of development of actinic cheilitis. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the need to implement educational health strategies aimed to orient the population about risk factors and preventive measures of the disease. Appropriate clinical management of patients with actinic cheilitis is important for prevention of lip cancer.

Sex and age differences in mortality trends of gastric cancer among Hispanic/Latino populations in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

Background: An up-to-date analysis of gastric cancer mortality among Hispanic/Latino populations is required for estimating disease burden and assessing the effectiveness of clinical and preventive strategies. Methods: We retrieved gastric cancer deaths between 1997 and 2017 (as available) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (United States Hispanics) and the World Health Organization databases (Puerto Rico, 16 Latin American and Caribbean countries). Joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine trends in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR; per 100 000 person-years) and calculate average annual percent changes (AAPCs) by country (or territory), age group (25-49 and ≥50 years), and sex. Trends were compared to assess slope parallelism. Findings: In 2017, Chile (31·8), Colombia (24·3) and Costa Rica (24·3) had the highest ASMR of gastric cancer for men, while Guatemala (17·2), Peru (13·5), and Costa Rica (13·3) had the highest ASMR for women. Small-to-moderate mortality declines (AAPCs ranged -4 to -0.5%) were observed between 1997 and 2017. In almost all countries, trends decreased among individuals aged ≥50 years. However, age-specific trends were not parallel (p-values <0.05) in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, the United States, and Venezuela for both men and women, and in five additional countries for only women; with a few countries showing stable or slightly increasing trends for individuals aged 25-49 years. Interpretation: Overall gastric cancer mortality rates in Hispanics/Latinos declined in the last two decades. However, there was a notable variation in trends by country, sex, and age group. Continued and targeted prevention efforts are needed to reduce the disease burden in these vulnerable populations. Funding: Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Peru, and National Cancer Institute, United States.

Actinic cheilitis in rural workers: prevalence and associated factors

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the prevalence of actinic cheilitis in rural workers and factors associated with the development of this condition. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a city in Northeastern Brazil. Data were collected by clinical examination and use of a questionnaire validated with 300 rural workers. The χ2 test was employed to identify possible associations between the presence of actinic cheilitis and clinical and demographic variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using forward stepwise selection. A p value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results The prevalence of actinic cheilitis was 12.0% in the sample. The highest prevalence of actinic cheilitis was observed in white males, with low educational level, and an approximately 40-year history of sun exposure. Chronic lesions were commonly found in the lower lip and were characterized by scaling, dryness, and mild edema. Skin color, sex, educational level of patients, and cumulative sun exposure (in years), were identified as predictors of development of actinic cheilitis. Conclusion Our results suggest the need to implement educational health strategies aimed to orient the population about risk factors and preventive measures of the disease. Appropriate clinical management of patients with actinic cheilitis is important for prevention of lip cancer.

Digital rectal examination and its associated factors in the early detection of prostate cancer: a cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Digital rectal examination (DRE) is one of the most common strategies for prostate cancer early detection. However, the use for screening purposes has a controversial benefit and potential harms can occur due to false-positive results, overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The objective of this study is to calculate the prevalence and identify factors associated with the receipt of DRE in Brazilian men. METHODS: We selected men older than 40 from a nationwide population-based survey (13,625 individuals) excluding those with prostate cancer diagnosis. Information was extracted from the most recent database of the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS 2013). Statistical analysis was carried out to calculate incidence rate ratios, with 95% confidence intervals and p values, through multivariate analysis with Poisson regression and robust variance. RESULTS: Men having private health insurance (63.3%; CI = 60.5-66.0) presented higher prevalence of DRE than those in the public health system (41.6%; CI = 39.8-43.4). The results show a positive association between DRE and men having private health insurance, aged 60-69, living with a spouse, never smokers, and living in urban areas. Among public health services users, this positive association was observed among men aged 70-79, living with a spouse, having bad/very bad health self-perception, abstainers, ex-smokers, with undergraduate studies, presenting four or more comorbidities, and residing in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer screening with DRE is quite frequent in Brazil, specially among men with private health plans and better access to health services, healthier lifestyle and at more advanced ages, characteristics which increase the risk of overdiagnosis and overtreatment.

Testicular Cancer mortality in Brazil: trends and predictions until 2030.

BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that testicular cancer presents good prognosis, wide variations in mortality rates have been reported internationally. In Brazil, mortality trends and estimates have not been fully assessed. The objective of the study presented herein is to analyze the mortality trends for testicular cancer in Brazil in the period 2001-2015 and calculate mortality predictions for the period 2016-2030. METHODS: This is a population-based ecological study that utilized information of the Mortality Information System, on testicular cancer-related deaths in Brazil. Mortality trends were analyzed by Joinpoint regression, and Nordpred was utilized for the calculation of predictions. RESULTS: The mortality rate for men, standardized to the world population, varied between 0.36/100,000 for the year 2001, to 0.41/100,000 for the year 2015. There was an increasing trend for Brazil (APC = 1.3% CI95% 0.6; 2.0) and the Southeast region (APC = 1.5% CI95%0.2; 2.7). When analyzing Brazilian data for the period 2016-2030, predictions indicate 2888 deaths due to testicular cancer, which corresponds to a 26.6% change when compared to the 2011-2015 period. This change is mostly explained by an increase in the risk of death (14.2%) when compared with modifications in the demographic structure (12.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Testicular cancer mortality in Brazil presents increasing trends, and until 2030 these rates continue to increase.

Prevalência e fatores associados aos exames de detecção precoce para câncer de próstata e câncer de mama na população brasileira / Prevalence and factors associated with early detection tests for prostate cancer and breast cancer in the Brazilian population

O câncer de próstata e de mama se constituem em desafios para a saúde pública mundial, e o seu rastreamento para a detecção precoce possui vantagens e desvantagens. No sentido de garantir benefícios superiores ao possíveis danos e malefícios atrelados ao rastreamento, suas práticas, tanto no serviço púbico quanto no setor privado de saúde, devem estar orientadas pela evidência científica. O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à realização do exame digital retal (EDR) em homens brasileiros com idade superior a 40 anos, e à realização de mamografias na população feminina de 18-39 anos. Foi utilizado a base de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), Brasil, 2013. Para tabulação e análise estatística foi usado o software Stata® 14 verificando as Razões de Prevalência com respectivos Intervalos de Confiança de 95% e valores de p, através de análise multivariada com regressão de Poisson. Os usuários de planos de saúde privado (63,3%; IC=60,5-66,0) apresentaram maior prevalência na realização do EDR do que os do sistema público de saúde (41,6%; IC=39,8- 43,4). Os resultados apresentaram associação positiva para o EDR em homens com planos privados com idade entre 60-69 anos, que vivem com cônjuges, que nunca fumaram, e domiciliados em zonas urbanas. Para os homens usuários do serviço de saúde público essa associação positiva com o EDR se deu para a faixa etária de 70-79 anos, que vivem com cônjuges, que possuem autopercepção de saúde ruim/ muito ruim, que não bebem, ex-fumantes, com nível universitário, que apresentam 4 ou mais comorbidades, e domiciliados em zonas urbanas. Ainda para esse grupo houve associação negativa da realização do EDR para homens que moram na região Norte do país. Os resultados para a realização de mamografia na população feminina mostraram que a prevalência do exame foi de 11.6% (IC 95%-10.7-12.5), com maior realização para a faixa etária de 30-39 (18.6%). Após análise multivariada, observou-se associação positiva estatisticamente significativa para mulheres com planos de saúde privado, das regiões Sul e Sudeste (regiões com melhor nível socioeconômico), de maior escolaridade, e ainda com a realização do exame citopatológico do colo de útero. Mulheres com idade entre 18-39 anos, baixo risco de câncer de mama, estão realizando mamografias e há uma associação disso com o maior e melhor acesso aos cuidados médicos e aos serviços. Os achados apontam para diferença nos modos de atuação da prática médica vigente nos dois tipos de serviço de saúde no país, e ainda diferenças estruturais que condicionam o acesso a estes exames de diagnósticos (AU).

Screening for the early detection of cancer, a challenge to global public health, has advantages and disadvantages in its realization, and its practices, both in the public service and in the private health sector, should be guided by scientific evidence in an attempt to ensure advantages over possible damage and harnesses. The present study aims to identify the prevalence and factors associated with digital rectal examination (DRE) in Brazilian men over 40 years old, and mammographies in the female population aged 18-39 years. We used the National Health Survey (NHS) database, Brazil, 2013. For statistical tabulation and analysis, Stata® 14 software was used to verify the Prevalence Ratios with their 95% Confidence Intervals and p values through multivariate analysis with Poisson regression. The users of private health plans (63.3%, CI = 60.5-66.0) had a higher prevalence in the implementation of EDR than in the public health system (41.6%, CI = 39.8% 43.4). The results showed a positive association for DRE in men with private plans aged 60-69 who live with spouses, who never smoked, and domiciled in urban areas. For men who use the public health service, this positive association with DRE occurred in the age group of 70-79 years, living with spouses who have poor / very poor selfperception, who do not drink, former smokers, with university level, who have 4 or more comorbidities, and domiciled in urban areas. Also for this group there was a negative association of the RDS for men living in the northern region of the country. The results for mammography in the female population showed that the prevalence of the test was 11.6% (95% CI -10.7-12.5), with a higher prevalence for the 30-39 age group (18.6%). After multivariate analysis, a statistically significant positive association was observed for women with private health plans, from the South and Southeast regions, with higher schooling, and with the cervical cytopathology exam. Women aged 18-39 years, at low risk of breast cancer, are undergoing mammograms and there is an association with increased access to medical care and services.The findings point to differences in the modes of action of the current medical practice in the two types of health service in the country, and structural differences that condition access to these diagnostic exams (AU).

Avaliação da saúde bucal na atenção básica: a perspectiva do usuário / Evaluation of the buccal health in the basic attention: the perspective of the user

A atenção básica em saúde é atualmente operacionalizada através da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF). Esta é responsável pela reorganização e ordenamento dos serviços de saúde com vista a proporcionar um atendimento apropriado às necessidades da população. Sua expansão é expressiva em todo país e, a saúde bucal ao incorporar-se neste processo tem sido vista como uma possibilidade de mudança das práticas de saúde centrada na doença. Diante desta perspectiva, este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar o modelo assistencial de saúde bucal em nível local ou municipal, viabilizada através da percepção, avaliação e do grau de satisfação do principal interessado com o serviço prestado pelo setor público de saúde: o usuário. Para atingir tais objetivos escolheu-se, intencionalmente, o Município de Macaíba no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, por questões operacionais, pelo tempo de implantação do ESF e sua alta cobertura. Para isto, utilizaram-se como instrumentos de coleta de informações, entrevistas estruturadas com questões fechadas e abertas e questionários de caracterização sócio-econômica direcionados a duzentos e setenta (270) indivíduos, sendo, esses, usuários do serviço de saúde bucal de Unidades Básicas de Saúde do Município (noventa usuários de um PSF Urbano, noventa de um PSF Rural e noventa de uma unidade não PSF). A análise dos dados foi realizada através do software SPSS/99, que possibilitou uma apreciação estatística e analítica. As unidades mostraram-se resolutivas não apresentando diferença estatisticamente significativa entre unidade não PSF e unidades PSF, e não estabeleceu uma relação direta com a satisfação geral. O sistema de referência e contra- referência não se encontra totalmente organizado e a forma de acesso na ESF não se apresenta definida, ocorrendo concomitância entre livre demanda e agendamento, estando esta última relacionada com maior satisfação. A forma de acesso ao tratamento odontológico das Unidades, a satisfação com o atendimento prestado pelo dentista e sua equipe, o número de dentistas suficientes para a comunidade e a classe social do usuário foi determinante para a satisfação geral destes com o serviço de saúde bucal. Por outro lado, variáveis como idade e escolaridade, resolução do problema e condições físicas da unidade não influenciaram a satisfação geral. Apesar dos avanços na implantação da saúde bucal na ESF pode-se verificar que, em certos pontos, atividades preventivas, visitas domiciliares, acesso e participação social reproduzem, ainda, o tradicional modelo de assistência, sinalizando um incipiente processo de mudança (AU).

Nowadays, the basic attention in health works according to the Health Family Program (HFP), which is responsible for the organization of the health services with view to provide an appropriate attendance to the needs of the population. Its expansion is expressive in whole country and, the oral health, included in this process, has been seen as a possibility of change the health practices centered in the disease. In face of this perspective, the proposal of study is to discover possible changes in the health care model of oral health in a district, made possible through the perception, evaluation and degree of satisfaction of the user's health service. To reach such objectives, the district of Macaíba in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, was chosen for operational subjects, such as time of implantation of HFP and great covering of this program. The current research used interviews structured with objectives and subjectives questions and questionnaires of socioeconomic characterization addressed to two hundred and seventy (270) individuals (ninety users of an Urban PSF, ninety of a Rural PSF and ninety of an unit non PSF). The analysis of the data was accomplished through the software SPSS/99, that made possible a statistical and analytic appreciation. The HFP units and non HFP units has shown to sort the common odontology problems of the community, and this didn't establish a direct relationship with the general satisfaction. On the other hands, the programmed consultation is related with lager satisfaction of the users. The access form to the odontology treatment of the Units, the satisfaction with the attendance rendered by the dentist and the equip, enough dentists for the community and the social class of the user were decisive for the general satisfaction with the service of oral health. On the other hand, variables as age and education, resolution of the problem and physical conditions of the unit didn't influence the general satisfaction. In spite of the progresses in the implantation of the oral health in ESF, preventive activities, visits at home, access and social participation still reproduce the traditional model of attendance, showing a primary change process (AU).

As perdas dentárias sob a ótica do idoso / The dental losses under the point of view of the aged one

Compreender a temática das perdas dentárias, investigando as representações sociais no cotidiano de sujeitos da terceira idade. Teste da Evocação Livre de Palavras com o estímulo indutor "perdas dentárias", sendo solicitada a evocação de 03 palavras, questionário para caracterização sócio-econômica e odontológica. A amostra composta de 120 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior à sessenta anos, participantes do Grupo "Conviver para Melhor Viver" da Unidade Básica de Saúde de Felipe Camarão e da Unati (Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade). A análise dos dados foi realizada pelos softwares Evoc 2000, SPSS 10.0, Graph Pad Instat. O núcleo central das representações sociais das perdas dentárias para o grupo Conviver emergiu a aprtir das categorias dificuldade de comer, observando relação entre necessidade fisiológica, desejo e prazer em alimentar-se. A dor foi evocada no sentido de justificar as perdas dentárias. Para o grupo da Unati emergiram as categorias dificuldade sócio-econômica demonstrando uma estreita relação entre oa pobreza, o acesso à saúde e à educação e estética, confirmando no discurso do senso comum a associação entre a perda dentária e o envelhecimento. Pudemos revelar a realidade na perspectiva dos sujeitos sociais, contemplando as múltiplas facetas da realidade sócio-cultural vivenciada.